Retrieval practice appears to be a more effective learning activity than elaborative encoding

Making concept maps or generating one’s own questions seems like it’d be a great way to learn about a domain, but at least for basic knowledge, retrieval practice appears to be a more effective learning activity:

• Karpicke, J. D., & Blunt, J. R. (2011). Retrieval Practice Produces More Learning than Elaborative Studying with Concept Mapping. Science, 331(6018), 772–775
• Karpicke, J. D., & Smith, M. A. (2012). Separate mnemonic effects of retrieval practice and elaborative encoding. Journal of Memory and Language, 67(1), 17–29